﴿قُلْ
يأَهْلَ الْكِتَـبِ تَعَالَوْاْ إِلَى كَلِمَةٍ سَوَآءٍ بَيْنَنَا
وَبَيْنَكُمْ أَلاَّ نَعْبُدَ إِلاَّ اللَّهَ وَلاَ نُشْرِكَ بِهِ شَيْئاً
وَلاَ يَتَّخِذَ بَعْضُنَا بَعْضًا أَرْبَابًا مِّن دُونِ اللَّهِ فَإِن
تَوَلَّوْاْ فَقُولُواْ اشْهَدُواْ بِأَنَّا مُسْلِمُونَ ﴾
(64. Say: "O people of the Scripture: Come to a word that is just between us and
you, that we worship none but Allah the same, and that we associate no
partners with Him, and that none of us shall take others as lords
besides Allah.'' Then, if they turn away, say: "Bear witness that we are
Muslims.'')
This Ayah includes the People of the Book, the Jews and Christians, and those who follow their ways.
﴿قُلْ يأَهْلَ الْكِتَـبِ تَعَالَوْاْ إِلَى كَلِمَةٍ﴾
(Say: "O people of the Scripture! Come to a word'')
`Word' - in Arabic - also means a complete sentence, as evident from this Ayah.
Allah described this word as being one,
﴿سَوَآءٍ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَكُمْ﴾
(that is the same between us and you),
an honest and righteous word
that is fair to both parties. Allah then explained this word,
﴿أَلاَّ نَعْبُدَ إِلاَّ اللَّهَ وَلاَ نُشْرِكَ بِهِ شَيْئاً﴾
(that we worship none but Allah (Alone), and that we associate no
partners with Him,)
we worship neither a statue, cross, idol, Taghut
(false gods), fire or anything else. Rather,
we worship Allah Alone
without partners, and this is the message of all of Allah's Messengers.
Allah said,
﴿وَمَآ أَرْسَلْنَا مِن قَبْلِكَ مِن رَّسُولٍ إِلاَّ نُوحِى إِلَيْهِ أَنَّهُ لا إِلَـهَ إِلاَّ أَنَاْ فَاعْبُدُونِ ﴾
(And We did not send any Messenger before you but We revealed to him
(saying): "None has the right to be worshipped but I (Allah)﴾"so
worship Me (Alone and none else)'') (21:25)
and,
﴿وَلَقَدْ بَعَثْنَا فِى كُلِّ أُمَّةٍ رَّسُولاً أَنِ اعْبُدُواْ اللَّهَ وَاجْتَنِبُواْ الْطَّـغُوتَ﴾
(And verily, We have sent among every Ummah a Messenger
(proclaiming): "Worship Allah (Alone), and avoid (or keep away from)
Taghut (all false deities).'') (16:36)
Allah said next,
﴿وَلاَ يَتَّخِذَ بَعْضُنَا بَعْضًا أَرْبَابًا مِّن دُونِ اللَّهِ﴾
("and that none of us shall take others as lords besides Allah.'')
Ibn Jurayj commented, "We do not obey each other in disobedience to
Allah.''
﴿فَإِن تَوَلَّوْاْ فَقُولُواْ اشْهَدُواْ بِأَنَّا مُسْلِمُونَ﴾
(Then, if they turn away, say: "Bear witness that we are Muslims.'')
if they abandon this fair call, then let them know that you will remain
in Islam as Allah has legislated for you.
We should mention that the letter that the Prophet sent to Heraclius
reads,
"In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. From
Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah, to Heraclius, Leader of the Romans:
peace be upon those who follow the true guidance. Embrace Islam and you
will acquire safety, embrace Islam and Allah will grant you a double
reward. However, if you turn away from it, then you will carry the
burden of the peasants, and,
﴿يأَهْلَ
الْكِتَـبِ تَعَالَوْاْ إِلَى كَلِمَةٍ سَوَآءٍ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَكُمْ
أَلاَّ نَعْبُدَ إِلاَّ اللَّهَ وَلاَ نُشْرِكَ بِهِ شَيْئاً وَلاَ
يَتَّخِذَ بَعْضُنَا بَعْضًا أَرْبَابًا مِّن دُونِ اللَّهِ فَإِن
تَوَلَّوْاْ فَقُولُواْ اشْهَدُواْ بِأَنَّا مُسْلِمُونَ﴾
("O people of the Scripture: Come to a word that is the same between
us and you, that we worship none but Allah (Alone), and that we
associate no partners with Him, and that none of us shall take others as
lords besides Allah.'' Then, if they turn away, say: "Bear witness that
we are Muslims.'')''
Muhammad bin Ishaq and other scholars said that the beginning of
Surah Al `Imran, and more than eighty verses thereafter; were revealed
about the
delegation of Najran. Az-Zuhri stated that the people of
Najran were the first people to pay the Jizyah (tax money paid to the
Muslim State). However, there is no disagreement that the Ayah that
ordained the Jizyah (9:29) was revealed after the Fath (conquering
Makkah, and therefore, after the delegation of Najran came to
Al-Madinah). So, how can this Ayah (3:64) be contained in the Prophet's
letter to Heraclius before the victory of Makkah, and how can we
harmonize between the statements of Muhammad bin Ishaq and Az-Zuhri?.
The
answer is that the delegation of Najran came before Al-Hudaybiyyah
(before the victory of Makkah), and what they paid was in lieu of the
Mubahalah; not as Jizyah. The Ayah about the Jizyah was later revealed,
and its ruling supported what occurred with the Najran people. In
support of this opinion, we should mention that in another instance, the
ruling on dividing the booty into one - fifth (for the Prophet ) and
four-fifths (for the fighters) agreed with the practice of `Abdullah bin
Jahsh during the raid that he led before Badr.
An Ayah later on upheld
the way `Abdullah divided the booty. Therefore, it is possible that the
Prophet wrote this statement (Say, "O People of the Scripture. ..'') in
his letter to Heraclius before the Ayah was revealed. Later on, the
Qur'an agreed with the Prophet's statement, word by word.
It is also a
fact that the Qur'an was revealed in agreement with what `Umar said
regarding the captured disbelievers at Badr, the Hijab (Muslim woman
code of dress), refraining from performing prayer for the hypocrites,
and regarding his statements:
﴿وَاتَّخِذُواْ مِن مَّقَامِ إِبْرَهِيمَ مُصَلًّى﴾
(And take you the Maqam (place) of Ibrahim as a place of prayer.) (2:125),
and,
﴿عَسَى رَبُّهُ إِن طَلَّقَكُنَّ أَن يُبْدِلَهُ أَزْوَجاً خَيْراً مِّنكُنَّ﴾
(It may be if he divorced you (all) that his Lord will give him instead of you, wives better than you.) (66:5).
